Non-robotic 3D vs. 2D laparoscopic general surgery

Learn more about 3D

How 3D works?

3D stands for three dimensional and is a synonym for stereoscopic viewing. One of the advantages of having two eyes is the capacity of depth perception. Because our eyes are separated from each other by about 3 inches each eye sees a slightly different image when watching an object. When the individual images being viewed by each eye reaches the visual cortex, the brain automatically puts these images together and interprets information regarding the third dimension. Other cues that help the brain to process depth perception are perspective, shadowing, lightning, color, relative size etc.

The Aesculap EinsteinVision® 3.0 camera system uses those characteristics of human perception to create a 3D image. During surgery two Full HD sensors in the camera head capture two images from a different viewpoint, simulating the different perspectives of the left and right eye. These images are processed and displayed onto a 3D monitor screen, which delivers crisp and bright 3D visuals. The viewer needs to wear 3D glasses to create the illusion of spatial depth. These signals need to reach the brain simultaneously yet by separate channels which is made possible by using 3D glasses.

What's the difference between active and passive 3D glasses?

3D glasses can be divided into two primary technologies, active (shutter) and passive (polarized) glasses. Both techniques are different methods for sending two stereoscopic half-images for each eye separately to the brain.

Actually 3D passive glasses need to be circularly polarized because only then the viewer can tilt the head from side to side without affecting the contrast and brightness of the 3D image.
Because polarized 3D glasses don’t need batteries to create the illusion of a 3D image and it is no (viewing) problem to switch between 2D and 3D live image on the monitor screen they are nowadays the preferred technology of choice when it comes to medical 3D viewing.

Which sterility process is the best for 3D visual components?

Until recently there were two options available for the sterile product supply of a camera system. The first option is autoclaving. This usually includes the endoscope and sometimes also the camera head if it is not draped with a sterile cover. The disadvantage of autoclaving is the thermal stress on the product due to high temperature (134°C). This often results in a shorter product lifetime and increased investment cost as additional camera heads need to be bought in a defined time period. Another disadvantage is that due to the required autoclaving process time a hospital usually requires multiple camera heads to run the daily OR routine. This increases the investment costs considerably. The advantage is that autoclaving is a standard process which is available in virtually every hospital.
The second option is Sterrad, a low temperature gas plasma sterilizer requiring hydrogen peroxide for the sterilization process. There are various types of Sterrad sterilizers available. The benefit is that the total sterilization cycle including transport is usually considerably shorter compared to autoclaving as the Sterrad sterilizers don’t need to be placed in the CSSD but can be located closer to the OR. This reduces the investment cost as it may not be necessary to buy multiple camera heads. The disadvantage could be that the type of Sterrad sterilizer required to process 3D components are not available in the hospital.

The advantages are:

• The process – no change in existing practice using a sterile drape 
• The use – camera system remains in the theatre and is always ready for use 
• The quality – the integrated glass cover on the distal end of the sterile drape provides a clear view of the surgical site 
• The patient – the sterile drape is latex free and reduces the risk of cross-contamination 
• The budget – with a maximum of two cameras (0°, 30°) all lap procedures can be performed 
• The savings – no reprocessing costs

Chip-on-the-tip versus conventional 3D cameras – what's the difference?

Chip-on-the-tip 3D camera systems – 3D chip-on-the-tip endoscope is, compared to the traditional camera set-up, a relatively new technology. Two image sensors are directly fitted within the distal tip of the endoscope. The image generated in the distal objective lens is guided onto the two image sensors and converts the optical signals into electrical signals and transmits them to the 3D camera head via cables. From there the stereoscopic signals are transferred to the camera control unit and further on to the 3D monitor where they are displayed as passive stereo type with different polarizing angles in the left and right. The passive 3D glasses enable the viewer to get the impression of a three dimensional image.

Due to the given 10mm outer diameter of the 3D camera system and the fact that two sensors need to be fitted into the distal tip of the endoscope the size of the image sensors is considerably smaller compared to a conventional 3D camera head. Therefore the native image resolution of the sensor is usually lower than Full HD (1080 lines of horizontal resolution) and needs to be upscaled to Full HD quality.
Depth perception is a key feature for stereoscopic viewing. Only a good depth perception provides the impression of a natural 3D image. Chip-on-the-tip camera system by its technological nature only provide a limited depth of field which usually results in a less impressive 3D impression.
Smaller sensors have a reduced pixel size which usually results in a higher level of disturbing image noise. Therefore it is beneficial to have bigger sensors in the camera.

The main differences to chip-on-the-tip system are:

• The two image sensors which are placed in the camera head are substantially bigger in size. This is very beneficial for a low image noise.
• The focus area is usually wider compared to chip-on-the-tip camera systems.
• The image resolution provides native Full HD (1080 lines of horizontal resolution). Therefore an upscaling process is not needed as the full resolution is already available on the sensor.
• The additional weight for the rod lens system and objectives is negligible compared to the total weight of the camera head.